T細胞受體多樣性 - 迴文添加(palindromic addition)
造成T細胞受體多樣性(TCR sequence diversity)的機轉,大多發生在VDJ重組(VDJ recombination)的過程。除了由recombination activating gene (RAG1, RAG2)製造各種V、D、J排列組合造成「組合多樣性」(combinatorial diversity)之外,「交界多樣性」(junctional diversity)也是T細胞發展過程中不可忽視的一環。參與交界多樣性較常被討論的機轉有二,分別是:由RAG們插入P nucleotides的「迴文添加」(palindromic addition);由terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)主導隨機插入N nucleotides。三種機轉簡述如下:
- VDJ combinatorial diversity:
RAG1, RAG2在序列中找到欲刪除範圍兩端的recombination signal sequences (RSS),分別黏上並將DNA彎起、互相靠近。夠近時切開兩端,並將被刪除的序列黏成一個環。此時RAG會暫時將產物的兩端斷股分別形成hairpin的結構,稍後會有DNA repair complex將hairpin解開並接起,被刪除的鑾型DNA會在細胞中被分解消失。 - P nucleotides addition ( 迴文添加 Palindromic addition):
1993年,Thompson et al發現RAG在製造hairpin時,會以尚在修飾的germ line DNA為模板,製造迴文序列(palindromic sequence)。這些列通常相當地短,但對TCR多樣性的形成也相當重要。
*補充:palindromic sequence是一段「對稱互補」的序列,如果從中間把它摺起來,會發現剛好可以互補。像5'- G A A T T C -3'就是一段典型的迴文序列。
- N nucleotides addition:
N nucleotides addition由Tdt主導進行。在P nucleotides完成後,Tdt會在兩股的P nucleotides後面隨機亂插入一些序列,直到剛好有幾個鹼基互補。此時外切酶(exonucleases)會將多餘的鹼基對刪除,並由DNA polymerase補齊序列;DNA ligase黏合缺口。
參考資料:
1. Srivastava, Santosh K., and Harlan S. Robins. "Palindromic nucleotide analysis in human T cell receptor rearrangements." PloS one 7.12 (2012): e52250.
2. Evolving Immunity, A Response to Chapter 6 of Darwin's Black Box, by Matt Inlay, Version 1.4 [Contributed June 6, 2002; Last Modified July 17, 2002]
3. Wikipedia (Junctional diversity)
4. Edward Goulden, The T Cell Antigen Receptor Complex. Generating Evidence for and isolating the TCR Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) Zinkernagel and Doherty. (http://slideplayer.com/slide/2431384/)
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